What is Cloning?
1. Who is Dolly?
Dolly was a sheep that was artificially cloned using an adult sheep's somatic cells.
2. When a zygote divides into to separate cells, it is called:
Natural twinning
3. Somatic cells are also called diploid.
4. In order to clone a gene, a gene is inserted into a plasmid.
5. In order to create an embryo from a somatic cell, the donor egg cell must have its nucleus removed.
Click and Clone
6. List all the materials needed to clone a mouse.
Microscope, petri dish, sharp pipette, blunt pipette, chemical to stimulate the cell, surrogate mother, egg cell doner
7. Place the following steps in the correct order.
4. Stimulate cell division
6. Deliver baby
2. Remove and discard the nucleus from the egg cell
1. Isolate donor cells from egg donor and germ cell donor
3. Transfer the somatic cell nucleus into the egg cell
5. Implant embryo into a surrogate mother
8. There are two time gaps in the process of cloning. What are they? (ie. what do you have to wait for?)
You have to wait for the DNA to adjust to the new cell during step 3, and you need to wait for the cells to divide during cell during step 4.
9. What color with the cloned mouse be? Brown What is the name of this mouse? Mini Mimi
Why Clone?
10. Why is cloning extinct animals problematic?
You need some kind of source for the DNA that is not always available and a closely related species must be the surrogate mother.
11. What are some reasons a person might want to clone a human?
To replace a deceased child or to help infertile couples to have a child.
The Clone Zone
12. What animal was cloned in 1885? Sea Urchins
13. How did Spemann separate the two cells of the embryo of a salamander in 1902? He made a noose out of baby hair and squeezed it aroud the cells.
14. The process of removing a nucleus is called enucleation.
15. In 1952, the nucleus of a tadpole embryo cell was placed into a donor cell. Did it work to clone the animal? It did work, but only with the younger embryos.
16. Can the nucleus of an adult cell be injected into an egg cell and produce a clone? Yes, it works.
17. Why are mammals hard to clone? Mammal eggs are smaller.
18. What were the names of the first two cloned cows? Fusion and Copy
19. In what year was the National Bioethics Advisory Council formed? 1995
20. The first mammal clone to be produced from an adult (somatic) cell? Dolly the sheep
21. What do scientists do to adult cells to make them "behave" like embryos? They have to reprogram the DNA so that they can settle into the cell.
22. Transgenic, cloned sheep were used to produce what medical protein? Factor XI, a protein used to treat hemophilia.
23. What is a stem cell? Cells that can change into any cell needed in the human body.
Cloning Myths
24. Briefly describe in your own words, why CC the cat was not identical in color to Rainbow, even though she was a clone. Some of Rainbow's genes were "turned off" earlier in her life, but the same thing did not happen to CC.
25. What is "nature vs nurture"? Nature is pretty much the way you were born, unlike nurture, which is how things around you influence you.
Is it Cloning or Not?
26. For each of the following scenarios, indicate YES (it is cloning) or NO (it is not cloning)
No Sperm taken from a mole goat is combined with a female's egg in a petri dish. The resulting embryo is implanted into the female's uterus to develop
Yes A sheep embryo, composed of 16 cells, is removed from the mother's uterus and separated into indivudal cells. Each cell is allowed to multiply, creating 16 separate embryos, which are then implanted in different female sheep to develop to maturity.
No A cow with many desirable traits is stimulated with hormones to produce a number of egg cells. Each of these eggs is fertilized and implanted into a surrogate mother.
No In vitro fertilization
Yes Cell nuclei from an extinct wolly mammoth are placed into enucleated cow cells.
27. Define or describe each of the following processes (you may need to reset the Cloning or Not Screen)
Invitro fertilization- The process of fertilizing an egg in a vitro solution, then placing it in a surrogate mother.
Embryo splitting- The process of splitting the cells of a small embryo apart from another and letting them grow in seperate organisms.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer- A process in which the nuclei of egg cells are discarded and adult somatic nuclei fill their place. They are then placed in a surrogate mother.
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer- An organism with desired traits is stimulated with hormones to produce many eggs. Then the eggs are placed in surrrogate mothers with undesired traits to develop.
Artificial Insemination- Germ cells from an organism with desired traits are used to fertilize by different organisms' germ cells.
What Are the Risks of Cloning?
28. What is one reason why cloning animals has such a high failure rate? The egg and the nucleus implanted in it may not be compatible with each other.
29. What is a telomere and how does it affect cloned animals? A telomere is the DNA sequence on each end of the chromosomes. In clones, they seem to be either longer or shorter than normal, changing the life span of the clones.
What Are Some Issues in Cloning?
30. Pick one of the questions to ponder and ....ponder it. Write a brief essay on your thoughts and opinions.
What are some of the social challenges a cloned child might face?
A cloned child would face a lot of challenges in their life. Many people might not consider him/her an actual person, or they my not know how to act around it because they havn't ever met anyone who was cloned. They may even be scared of the child. On the other hand, people might think that it is cool or interesting that the child was cloned. It would make them stand out, and make them special. But whether a good special or a bad special depends on how people see it. There will always be bullies and such that treat the child badly and tease them about being a clone. I would hate being a cloned child, mostly because I would feel like I stood out and such.
